1 00:00:00,149 --> 00:00:05,360 This is a stroboscope disc used to verify the speed of a record player’s turntable. 2 00:00:05,360 --> 00:00:08,200 You can easily find these online and print them out. 3 00:00:08,200 --> 00:00:12,440 Under fluorescent lighting, these alternating white-black bars will appear stationary even 4 00:00:12,440 --> 00:00:14,559 though the turntable is rotating. 5 00:00:14,559 --> 00:00:19,539 This happens because the A/C electricity powering the light is a 60 hz sine wave, and each time 6 00:00:19,539 --> 00:00:22,820 it crosses the zero line, the light briefly goes dark. 7 00:00:22,820 --> 00:00:27,560 Essentially, fluorescent lights actually flash 120 times per second, and the spacing of these 8 00:00:27,560 --> 00:00:31,610 bars is calibrated so that if the turntable is going the right speed, they will move the 9 00:00:31,610 --> 00:00:35,480 same distance as their width with each pulse of light, which makes a blurred pattern appear 10 00:00:35,480 --> 00:00:37,500 that’s completely stationary. 11 00:00:37,500 --> 00:00:41,190 Slight variations in speed will cause the pattern to appear to move. 12 00:00:41,190 --> 00:00:45,920 You can see this as I switch the turntable between 33 and 45 rpm. 13 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:49,850 You may have noticed a similar effect while driving at night under common street lighting, 14 00:00:49,850 --> 00:00:54,080 particularly the orange-gold glow of high pressure sodium lamps. 15 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:58,550 These lights also pulse 120 times per second, in the US at least, which can make slow-moving 16 00:00:58,550 --> 00:01:02,210 patterns appear on the wheels of vehicles driving past you. 17 00:01:02,210 --> 00:01:05,610 Sometimes the patterns move backwards which is particularly trippy. 18 00:01:05,610 --> 00:01:09,690 This stroboscopic effect is the primary reason that some people are sensitive to fluorescent 19 00:01:09,690 --> 00:01:10,690 lighting. 20 00:01:10,690 --> 00:01:14,850 Though it’s not directly visible, it can give some people headaches and cause eyestrain. 21 00:01:14,850 --> 00:01:19,260 But it’s important to note the the fluorescent-ness of the light source is not what’s causing 22 00:01:19,260 --> 00:01:20,260 it. 23 00:01:20,260 --> 00:01:23,990 What I mean by this is that it’s very very wrong to assume that all fluorescent lights 24 00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:26,390 produce a strobing effect like this. 25 00:01:26,390 --> 00:01:29,620 In fact, nearly all CFLs used in your home don’t. 26 00:01:29,620 --> 00:01:35,760 Here’s the same disc on the same turntable with a garden variety CFL providing illumination. 27 00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:38,990 This time, the disc’s lines just blur together. 28 00:01:38,990 --> 00:01:40,940 CFLs have worked like this for a looong time. 29 00:01:40,940 --> 00:01:43,960 In fact, here’s an old IKEA fluorescent lamp. 30 00:01:43,960 --> 00:01:46,040 It’s so old it starts like this. 31 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:47,940 (forced coughing) 32 00:01:51,340 --> 00:01:53,700 And yet, the lines still blur together. 33 00:01:53,700 --> 00:01:57,850 You might notice a very slight pattern in there that looks stationary, but even an incandescent 34 00:01:57,850 --> 00:01:59,760 light will produce such a faint pattern. 35 00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:04,560 In reality, these CFLs are just as flicker-free as the old bulbs of yore. 36 00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:10,289 But in an odd twist, many newer LED bulbs are re-introducing this stroboscopic effect. 37 00:02:10,289 --> 00:02:13,859 Some are far worse than others, and first let me say that I’m glad the CFL is being 38 00:02:13,859 --> 00:02:14,859 replaced. 39 00:02:14,859 --> 00:02:18,650 I am in no way trying to say that LED bulbs are bad, and CFLs are somehow better. 40 00:02:18,650 --> 00:02:22,849 Of course, a huge reason to be pro LED is the lack of mercury in the bulbs. 41 00:02:22,849 --> 00:02:27,310 And the list goes on--the slow warmup and poor operation in cold weather of CFLs was 42 00:02:27,310 --> 00:02:30,720 annoying, and LEDs don’t suffer from these problems. 43 00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:34,849 Poor color rendering indexes were common with cheap CFLs which caused their perceived quality 44 00:02:34,849 --> 00:02:39,549 of light to be not-so-great, whereas LEDs almost always have better color rendering 45 00:02:39,549 --> 00:02:40,859 characteristics. 46 00:02:40,859 --> 00:02:46,060 Dimmability of CFLs was generally questionable at best, and new LEDs go so far as to mimic 47 00:02:46,060 --> 00:02:49,590 the warming effect that incandescent bulbs naturally produce as their filaments burn 48 00:02:49,590 --> 00:02:50,709 less intensely. 49 00:02:50,709 --> 00:02:54,799 There’s virtually no reason to hold onto the incandescent lamp anymore. 50 00:02:54,799 --> 00:02:59,319 Even clear LED bulbs which look like they have filaments are cheap and widely available. 51 00:02:59,319 --> 00:03:04,010 So to explain why CFLs don’t flicker and LEDs sometimes do, it’s important to look 52 00:03:04,010 --> 00:03:07,430 at the electronics that drive each of these technologies. 53 00:03:07,430 --> 00:03:11,120 Fluorescent lights, along with all other discharge lamps such as sodium vapor lamps or metal 54 00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:16,670 halide bulbs, have a pesky electrical characteristic known as negative resistance. 55 00:03:16,670 --> 00:03:21,200 Provide a set voltage to the lamp, and it will consume more and more current until it, 56 00:03:21,200 --> 00:03:25,560 well basically explodes--or if it can manage it, exhausts its electrical supply and trips 57 00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:26,560 a breaker. 58 00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:31,140 A ballast is therefore required to both strike the arc and start the lamp, and most importantly 59 00:03:31,140 --> 00:03:34,810 to limit the current it can receive and keep things nice and safe. 60 00:03:34,810 --> 00:03:38,900 In older fluorescent fixtures, this ballast was nothing more than a specialized inductive 61 00:03:38,900 --> 00:03:41,870 transformer, so-called magnetic ballasts. 62 00:03:41,870 --> 00:03:45,430 These are what is responsible for the humming or buzzing sound in older fixtures. 63 00:03:45,430 --> 00:03:51,059 A magnetic ballast sends the same 60 hz electricity to the tube, but with a limit in place. 64 00:03:51,059 --> 00:03:56,129 This means the light will pulse on and off 120 times per second, which generally isn’t 65 00:03:56,129 --> 00:03:59,569 directly perceptible, but can cause eye strain in sensitive individuals. 66 00:03:59,569 --> 00:04:02,560 Now, magnetic ballasts have two huge drawbacks. 67 00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:06,959 One, they’re generally bulky, and two, the fact that they send straight AC current to 68 00:04:06,959 --> 00:04:11,480 the tube means the tube doesn’t run as bright as it could because it spends a not-insignificant 69 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:14,299 period of time producing no light at all. 70 00:04:14,299 --> 00:04:18,139 The pauses in light production reduce its overall light output considerably. 71 00:04:18,139 --> 00:04:22,310 When the Compact Fluorescent Light came along, the compact nature of these compact bulbs 72 00:04:22,310 --> 00:04:26,530 meant less actual glass tube was available in such a compact space. 73 00:04:26,530 --> 00:04:32,169 To compact a 16 watt 2 foot linear tube into a space as compact as an ordinary light bulb 74 00:04:32,169 --> 00:04:36,170 required some creative compacting action in the form of glass bending acrobatics. 75 00:04:36,170 --> 00:04:37,370 Compact. 76 00:04:37,370 --> 00:04:40,360 First was the curly-q nature of the tube itself. 77 00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:44,741 Forming the glass in a repeating spiral pattern increases its surface area tremendously, while 78 00:04:44,741 --> 00:04:47,289 still confining it into a small volume. 79 00:04:47,289 --> 00:04:49,120 Then there was the problem of the ballast. 80 00:04:49,120 --> 00:04:52,050 Remember, magnetic ballasts are bulky and heavy. 81 00:04:52,050 --> 00:04:55,960 A better solution was needed both to overcome size constraints and to increase the light 82 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:58,150 output of such a small lamp. 83 00:04:58,150 --> 00:05:00,260 Enter the electronic ballast. 84 00:05:00,260 --> 00:05:04,801 These guys work entirely differently from magnetic ballasts and were, uh what’s the 85 00:05:04,801 --> 00:05:07,300 word, oh, compact and lightweight. 86 00:05:07,300 --> 00:05:11,080 Electronic ballasts work similarly to the switched-mode power supplies you find in virtually 87 00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:12,490 everything today. 88 00:05:12,490 --> 00:05:17,259 Their first goal is actually to convert the incoming 60 hz AC power to DC, where it’s 89 00:05:17,259 --> 00:05:18,790 filtered with a capacitor. 90 00:05:18,790 --> 00:05:23,939 The ballast then converts this DC into very high frequency AC power, around 20 thousand 91 00:05:23,939 --> 00:05:24,939 hertz. 92 00:05:24,939 --> 00:05:27,479 It’s this high frequency power that’s sent to the tube. 93 00:05:27,479 --> 00:05:31,259 The phosphors that line the inside of the glass don’t react instantly to UV emissions 94 00:05:31,259 --> 00:05:32,259 from the mercury vapor. 95 00:05:32,259 --> 00:05:36,280 In fact, there’s a delay between when they stop receiving energy from the excited mercury 96 00:05:36,280 --> 00:05:39,319 molecules and when the stop emitting visible light. 97 00:05:39,319 --> 00:05:43,190 You can actually see this--the green phosphor is the usually the slowest, and you might 98 00:05:43,190 --> 00:05:46,810 have caught a slight green flash of light when turning a off a light fixture with a 99 00:05:46,810 --> 00:05:50,210 CFL if you’ve ever moved your eyes right at the same time. 100 00:05:50,210 --> 00:05:54,259 You see this because the red and blue phosphors stop producing light in a tiny fraction of 101 00:05:54,259 --> 00:05:57,669 a second, but the green phosphor hangs around a little longer. 102 00:05:57,669 --> 00:06:02,889 Anyway, the high frequency AC entering the tube of a CFL is literally too fast for any 103 00:06:02,889 --> 00:06:07,069 of the phosphors, and the delayed action bridges the gap between pulses. 104 00:06:07,069 --> 00:06:11,050 The result is that the light provides nearly constant illumination, and the stroboscopic 105 00:06:11,050 --> 00:06:13,110 effect is essentially eliminated. 106 00:06:13,110 --> 00:06:15,810 Which can be proven by using one of these do-dads. 107 00:06:15,810 --> 00:06:19,510 Most newer linear fluorescent fixtures also use an electronic ballast. 108 00:06:19,510 --> 00:06:23,949 Even the old fashioned T12 tube will see a significant increase in light output and efficiency 109 00:06:23,949 --> 00:06:26,919 if high frequency A/C switching is applied. 110 00:06:26,919 --> 00:06:30,750 For this reason, ceiling light fixtures using linear tubes are nearly always equipped with 111 00:06:30,750 --> 00:06:32,750 an electronic ballast these days. 112 00:06:32,750 --> 00:06:37,360 Meanwhile, LED bulbs require a different kind of circuitry to make them work. 113 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:42,690 LEDs only work with direct current, so for a bulb on an AC supply, this AC needs to first 114 00:06:42,690 --> 00:06:45,460 be rectified into DC using a bridge rectifier. 115 00:06:45,460 --> 00:06:49,460 It’s not as simple as sending DC power through the chips, though. 116 00:06:49,460 --> 00:06:53,280 Without the proper voltage, the LEDs with either be instantly destroyed or they won’t 117 00:06:53,280 --> 00:06:54,280 work at all. 118 00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:58,669 See LEDs have a very narrow range of operating voltage, bumping it up by as little as half 119 00:06:58,669 --> 00:07:01,590 a volt will dramatically increase current consumed. 120 00:07:01,590 --> 00:07:04,310 Drop it much below and it won’t light up at all. 121 00:07:04,310 --> 00:07:06,879 Because of this, they also need a ballast of sorts. 122 00:07:06,879 --> 00:07:08,720 Usually these are referred to as drivers. 123 00:07:08,720 --> 00:07:11,889 The most important thing the driver has to do is limit the current that passes through 124 00:07:11,889 --> 00:07:12,949 the chips. 125 00:07:12,949 --> 00:07:16,400 Without a way to limit the current, any voltage above an LED chip’s forward voltage will 126 00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:21,159 cause an exponential increase in current flow, which will make the diode run extremely hot 127 00:07:21,159 --> 00:07:23,259 and severely shorten its life. 128 00:07:23,259 --> 00:07:28,250 In many conventional LED bulbs meant to replace a 60 watt incandescent, there will be 9 or 129 00:07:28,250 --> 00:07:30,290 10 chips, each rated around a watt. 130 00:07:30,290 --> 00:07:33,879 These are usually arranged in a circle, and are attached to a heat sink. 131 00:07:33,879 --> 00:07:37,460 The heat sink absorbs the heat they produce, and spreads it out over a wide area. 132 00:07:37,460 --> 00:07:39,830 This bulb contains nine chips. 133 00:07:39,830 --> 00:07:43,550 Each of these chips actually contains three diodes in one package, so there’s a total 134 00:07:43,550 --> 00:07:46,969 of 27 diodes arranged in series. 135 00:07:46,969 --> 00:07:50,990 Most of the blue diodes used in white LED chips--the yellow circle is a phosphor which 136 00:07:50,990 --> 00:07:55,110 converts some of the blue light into red and green, thus producing apparently white light--have 137 00:07:55,110 --> 00:07:57,879 a voltage drop of just over 3 volts. 138 00:07:57,879 --> 00:08:03,159 The driver therefore needs to produce at least 81 volts, and indeed it produces about 85. 139 00:08:03,159 --> 00:08:06,879 The driver must also limit the current going through this chain of diodes to ensure they 140 00:08:06,879 --> 00:08:09,370 don’t overheat and waste energy. 141 00:08:09,370 --> 00:08:13,349 It also uses a large capacitor hidden in the base to store and release some energy between 142 00:08:13,349 --> 00:08:17,190 the pulses of AC power coming from the socket through bridge rectifier. 143 00:08:17,190 --> 00:08:19,880 This helps to eliminate the stroboscopic flicker. 144 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:23,719 This capacitor is rather large and it’s one of the biggest component of the driver. 145 00:08:23,719 --> 00:08:25,909 But there’s also a way to cheat a little bit. 146 00:08:25,909 --> 00:08:30,680 LEDs can be driven off a direct voltage supply if the voltage is equal to the voltage drop 147 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:32,669 across the LED chip. 148 00:08:32,669 --> 00:08:36,790 Many so-called “filament” LED lamps are designed with a bunch of blue diodes in series 149 00:08:36,790 --> 00:08:41,320 along a glass rod covered in the yellow phosphor, and the voltage drop across them adds up to 150 00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:45,190 just about the same as the AC line voltage powering the lamp. 151 00:08:45,190 --> 00:08:49,510 If you dim one of these, you can see the individual diodes along the filament’s structure. 152 00:08:49,510 --> 00:08:53,440 These tiny diodes will also have a voltage drop of about 3 volts, and since 120 volts 153 00:08:53,440 --> 00:08:57,710 is what’s coming into the socket here in the US, that could be divided across 40 individual 154 00:08:57,710 --> 00:08:58,710 diodes. 155 00:08:58,710 --> 00:09:03,460 Each of these rods has 20 diodes or so in a line, and two rods are wired in series, 156 00:09:03,460 --> 00:09:05,860 with another series-pair being in parallel. 157 00:09:05,860 --> 00:09:10,870 In European countries running on 230 volts, all four of these rods will be wired in series. 158 00:09:10,870 --> 00:09:15,080 This cheat is what allows the driver to be so small that it can be crammed into just 159 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:17,350 the space inside the socket. 160 00:09:17,350 --> 00:09:20,830 This creates a beautiful bulb that you might not even know it’s an LED unless someone 161 00:09:20,830 --> 00:09:22,120 told you. 162 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:23,630 But there’s one huge drawback. 163 00:09:23,630 --> 00:09:27,490 There’s so little space for the driver that it doesn’t really do all that much. 164 00:09:27,490 --> 00:09:32,570 In reality, nearly all it does is use a bridge rectifier to convert the AC into pulsed DC. 165 00:09:32,570 --> 00:09:37,510 That’s just taking this waveform and flipping the bottom half back up. 166 00:09:37,510 --> 00:09:41,760 This means these bulbs will often exhibit stroboscopic flicker just as bad or worse 167 00:09:41,760 --> 00:09:44,310 as a fluorescent bulb running from a magnetic ballast. 168 00:09:44,310 --> 00:09:46,300 In fact, that footage from earlier? 169 00:09:46,300 --> 00:09:50,190 It was from this bulb, just with the color temperature messed up a bit. 170 00:09:50,190 --> 00:09:53,240 And now, a note from the editor’s desk. 171 00:09:54,760 --> 00:09:57,740 Oh, hello, I’m the editor, and this is my desk. 172 00:09:57,740 --> 00:10:01,900 I’d just like to clarify that I’m sure the driver is doing more than just rectifying 173 00:10:01,900 --> 00:10:03,460 the AC into pulsed DC. 174 00:10:03,460 --> 00:10:07,460 It’s actually a complicated little thing with a driver chip, an inductor of sorts, 175 00:10:07,460 --> 00:10:08,460 and other goodies. 176 00:10:08,460 --> 00:10:11,540 What’s more likely the cause of the flicker is simply that the driver’s tiny little 177 00:10:11,540 --> 00:10:16,140 filter capacitor, a requirement with the driver concealed in the socket, can’t store enough 178 00:10:16,140 --> 00:10:21,070 charge to provide completely steady DC voltage throughout the system as the incoming AC voltage 179 00:10:21,070 --> 00:10:22,950 crosses the zero line. 180 00:10:22,950 --> 00:10:26,590 The system voltage thus dips slightly between each incoming pulse. 181 00:10:26,590 --> 00:10:31,060 This is also probably the cause of the slight flicker produced by the CFL, but the immensely 182 00:10:31,060 --> 00:10:35,720 larger filter capacitor is able to provide much more stable DC voltage to the rest of 183 00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:36,760 the ballast. 184 00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:40,370 In regards to the number of diodes along the glass, I’m sure that’s geared towards 185 00:10:40,370 --> 00:10:44,400 line voltage as it is common for European bulbs to have all the rods wired in series, 186 00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:47,580 but the driver is probably still providing a different voltage for them. 187 00:10:47,580 --> 00:10:51,080 I’m thinking it just makes the design of the driver a whole lot simpler and cheaper 188 00:10:51,080 --> 00:10:54,280 if it’s got to produce roughly the same voltage as it receives. 189 00:10:54,280 --> 00:10:57,920 If we have a qualified electrical engineer in the comments, please do tell us if I’ve 190 00:10:57,920 --> 00:10:58,950 got this all wrong. 191 00:10:58,950 --> 00:11:02,790 I’m not even going to get into how these bulbs work with dimmers because there’s 192 00:11:02,790 --> 00:11:04,890 enough in there for a whole other video. 193 00:11:04,890 --> 00:11:06,630 So then, here’s my point. 194 00:11:06,630 --> 00:11:10,530 If you are an individual with photosensitive epilepsy who has legitimately been affected 195 00:11:10,530 --> 00:11:15,670 by fluorescent lighting in the past, this type of LED bulb probably isn’t for you. 196 00:11:15,670 --> 00:11:20,020 But if you’ve casually avoided compact fluorescent lights believing them to cause eye strain 197 00:11:20,020 --> 00:11:24,380 and you’ve been around these lights and haven’t noticed a problem, perhaps it wasn’t 198 00:11:24,380 --> 00:11:28,860 the, as I said, fluorescent-ness of the light that caused your headaches. 199 00:11:28,860 --> 00:11:33,150 As I’ve demonstrated, most CFLs produce light just as well--meaning consistently and 200 00:11:33,150 --> 00:11:35,740 without flicker--as an incandescent bulb. 201 00:11:35,740 --> 00:11:39,760 But some newer LED lamps actually produce really strong strobing light. 202 00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:41,770 If these don’t affect you, that’s great! 203 00:11:41,770 --> 00:11:46,050 But it also means that perhaps you shouldn’t have been so averse to using the CFL. 204 00:11:46,050 --> 00:11:50,180 One easy way to tell if a bulb has high flicker is by bringing a smartphone camera right up 205 00:11:50,180 --> 00:11:51,390 to the bulb. 206 00:11:51,390 --> 00:11:55,690 With bright light the camera has to increase its shutter speed a lot, which when combined 207 00:11:55,690 --> 00:11:59,970 with the way it captures the light via a rolling shutter, will make alternating bright dark 208 00:11:59,970 --> 00:12:02,050 bands appear all over the image. 209 00:12:02,050 --> 00:12:05,570 If bands are barely visible, then the flicker is very minor. 210 00:12:05,570 --> 00:12:06,570 Me again. 211 00:12:06,570 --> 00:12:09,950 I discovered while shooting the B-roll for this video that the old IKEA bulb exhibits 212 00:12:09,950 --> 00:12:12,520 less flicker than an incandescent. 213 00:12:12,520 --> 00:12:15,520 You can even see that going back to the stroboscope disc footage. 214 00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:18,290 These pictures shot with my phone confirm it. 215 00:12:18,290 --> 00:12:21,850 While we’re looking at pictures, light bulb manufacturers have figured out how to produce 216 00:12:21,850 --> 00:12:26,970 flexible filaments, and this one on display in a retailer is shockingly bad! 217 00:12:26,970 --> 00:12:31,360 However, one cool thing about the flexible “filament” is that you can see the printed 218 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:35,500 circuit in the dark portion provided by the absurd flicker of the bulb, and you can see 219 00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:40,510 here that the diodes are wired as two series chains, with each trace skipping every other 220 00:12:40,510 --> 00:12:41,510 diode. 221 00:12:41,510 --> 00:12:44,270 This means there are two parallel circuits in each piece of filament spaghetti. 222 00:12:44,270 --> 00:12:48,531 Now, I’ve long maintained a personal theory that the folks most opposed to the compact 223 00:12:48,531 --> 00:12:52,620 fluorescent were really more averse to the blueish light of daylight color temperature 224 00:12:52,620 --> 00:12:53,620 bulbs. 225 00:12:53,620 --> 00:12:54,810 In fact, I hate those things. 226 00:12:54,810 --> 00:12:58,111 I have a whole drawer full of them because the previous owner of my place loved them, 227 00:12:58,111 --> 00:13:01,620 and I just can’t stand the coldness of their light. 228 00:13:01,620 --> 00:13:06,760 I won’t go so far as to say they give me a headache, but I dread being around them. 229 00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:11,700 Because a well-made warm-white balanced CFL is often indistinguishable from an incandescent, 230 00:13:11,700 --> 00:13:15,820 particularly if the bulb is hidden behind a shade, these people might have never noticed 231 00:13:15,820 --> 00:13:19,300 that they were under fluorescent lighting unless it was a cool white or daylight color 232 00:13:19,300 --> 00:13:22,220 temperature, where it couldn’t possibly be an incandescent. 233 00:13:22,220 --> 00:13:24,540 But that’s just conjecture. 234 00:13:24,540 --> 00:13:27,990 In reality, the CFL is on its way out, and I’m happy to hear it. 235 00:13:27,990 --> 00:13:32,140 So many great designs of LED bulbs are on the market today, not even mentioning smart 236 00:13:32,140 --> 00:13:36,380 bulbs or color-changing bulbs that are only possible with LEDs inside. 237 00:13:36,380 --> 00:13:40,470 But the CFL was a great innovation that helped us start saving energy at home years before 238 00:13:40,470 --> 00:13:42,480 LEDs came down in cost. 239 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:45,790 And if people just took the effort to recycle them, the mercury wouldn’t have been much 240 00:13:45,790 --> 00:13:46,790 of a concern. 241 00:13:46,790 --> 00:13:50,370 But I’ll admit, a 100% recycling rate is a pipedream. 242 00:13:50,370 --> 00:13:52,260 Best avoid the problem all together. 243 00:13:52,260 --> 00:13:53,260 Thanks for watching. 244 00:13:53,260 --> 00:13:54,770 I hope you learned something interesting today! 245 00:13:54,770 --> 00:13:58,360 I’m closing this video out with a thank you and announcements. 246 00:13:58,360 --> 00:14:02,210 To my subscribers, wow, I’m so thrilled this channel has passed 35 thousand! 247 00:14:02,210 --> 00:14:04,540 It still doesn’t seem real. 248 00:14:04,540 --> 00:14:08,470 Having a successful YouTube channel has always been a dream of mine, and it’s slowly becoming 249 00:14:08,470 --> 00:14:09,470 reality. 250 00:14:09,470 --> 00:14:11,890 But as you know, making videos is really hard. 251 00:14:11,890 --> 00:14:15,700 I’m doing my best to keep videos like this headed your way, but I work full time and 252 00:14:15,700 --> 00:14:17,920 it’s hard to do two things at once. 253 00:14:17,920 --> 00:14:22,080 Which is why starting at the end of November, I’m gonna stop doing two things at once. 254 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:24,810 I’m gonna concentrate on videos. 255 00:14:24,810 --> 00:14:28,250 Hopefully I’ll be making weekly videos by the start of next year, as I’ll have 4 days 256 00:14:28,250 --> 00:14:31,310 a week to do this, and not just 2 if I’m lucky. 257 00:14:31,310 --> 00:14:34,790 There’s a lot of stuff up in this noggin and eventually it will make its way out and 258 00:14:34,790 --> 00:14:36,230 to your eyeballs and ears. 259 00:14:36,230 --> 00:14:40,720 If all goes to plan, my next video will be on Philo Farnsworth and the invention of electronic 260 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:41,720 television. 261 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:45,080 I’m overwhelmingly flattered that some people have asked if I have a patreon page. 262 00:14:45,080 --> 00:14:49,890 Well, I wanted wait and see if these types of videos could earn me a following. 263 00:14:49,890 --> 00:14:52,470 Apparently they have and now, I do have a patreon. 264 00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:54,910 In fact, it’s right over there. 265 00:14:54,910 --> 00:14:58,210 I’m really new to this whole thing and don’t really know what I’m doing, but if you’d 266 00:14:58,210 --> 00:15:02,490 like to become a patron you will immediately be rewarded with thanks and good vibes. 267 00:15:02,490 --> 00:15:06,140 My biggest struggle right now is finding time to do more management stuff, like make playlists 268 00:15:06,140 --> 00:15:07,490 and set up a Patreon. 269 00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:10,440 But if it works, I’ll be spending all of my time making videos for you. 270 00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:12,080 Thanks for watching.